Communication modes in Computer Networks

Full-Duplex, Half-Duplex, and Simplex Communication

In data communication, duplex communication refers to the ability of a communication system to allow data to flow in one or both directions between two devices. The method of communication defines how data is transmitted and whether it can flow in both directions simultaneously. There are three main types of communication modes: full-duplex, half-duplex, and simplex. These modes determine the direction of data flow, the channels used, and the efficiency of the transmission.


1. Simplex Communication

Definition:

Simplex communication is a type of communication where data flows in only one direction. In this mode, one device can send data, but it cannot receive data from the other device.

How It Works:

  • In simplex communication, one device acts as the transmitter, and the other acts as the receiver.
  • The sender can transmit data continuously, but there is no mechanism for the receiver to send data back to the sender.
  • Simplex communication is commonly used for applications where a response from the receiver is not needed.

Examples:

  • Television broadcasts: The television station transmits the signal, but the TV does not send any signal back to the station.
  • Radio transmission: The radio station sends a signal to the radio receiver without any communication in return.
  • Computer monitors: The computer sends data to the monitor, but the monitor does not send data back to the computer.

Advantages:

  • Simple and cost-effective to implement.
  • Low complexity as only one-way communication is needed.

Disadvantages:

  • No two-way communication.
  • Limited interaction between devices.

2. Half-Duplex Communication

Definition:

Half-duplex communication allows data to flow in both directions, but not at the same time. A device can either send or receive data at any given time, but it cannot do both simultaneously.

How It Works:

  • In half-duplex communication, two devices can communicate with each other, but only one device can transmit data at a time. The direction of data transmission alternates between the two devices.
  • When one device is sending data, the other device must be receiving. Once the transmitting device finishes sending data, the roles reverse, and the second device can transmit data back.

Examples:

  • Walkie-Talkies: A user can press a button to speak, and the other user can only listen. When the first user stops speaking, the other can respond.
  • CB (Citizens Band) Radios: Similar to walkie-talkies, users can only transmit or receive, not both at the same time.
  • Old telephones (before duplex phones): A person could speak, and the other person would listen, but they could not speak simultaneously.

Advantages:

  • Two-way communication is possible.
  • More efficient than simplex for certain applications.
  • Less complex and cheaper than full-duplex communication.

Disadvantages:

  • Only one device can transmit at a time, which can cause delays.
  • Communication may be slower than full-duplex because the devices must alternate between sending and receiving.

3. Full-Duplex Communication

Definition:

Full-duplex communication allows data to flow in both directions simultaneously. Both devices can transmit and receive data at the same time, making it the most efficient mode for continuous communication.

How It Works:

  • In full-duplex communication, both devices are capable of sending and receiving data at the same time without waiting for the other device to finish.
  • This type of communication requires more complex infrastructure, as separate channels or paths for sending and receiving data are often needed, or the devices must be able to handle both directions at once using techniques such as time-division multiplexing (TDM) or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM).

Examples:

  • Telephones: Modern telephones allow both parties to speak and listen simultaneously.
  • Internet: Communication between servers and clients over the internet (such as during a video call or browsing a website) is typically full-duplex.
  • Cell phones: Both parties can talk and listen at the same time without waiting for the other to stop talking.

Advantages:

  • Continuous, real-time communication with no delays.
  • More efficient than half-duplex because data flows in both directions simultaneously.
  • Ideal for interactive communications, such as phone calls or video conferences.

Disadvantages:

  • Requires more complex and costly infrastructure.
  • More susceptible to interference because both channels must operate simultaneously.

Comparison Between Full-Duplex, Half-Duplex, and Simplex

FeatureSimplexHalf-DuplexFull-Duplex
Data DirectionOne-way onlyTwo-way, but not simultaneousTwo-way simultaneous
DevicesOne device sends, the other only receivesTwo devices alternate between sending and receivingTwo devices send and receive simultaneously
Communication EfficiencyLeast efficient (one-way)Moderate efficiency (alternates)Most efficient (simultaneous)
ComplexityVery simpleModerate complexityHigh complexity
ExamplesTV broadcasts, radio transmissionWalkie-talkies, CB radiosTelephones, Internet communications
CostLow costModerate costHigh cost

Conclusion

  • Simplex communication is best suited for situations where only one-way communication is required, such as broadcasting or one-way data flow.
  • Half-duplex communication is ideal for devices that need to exchange data but can only do so at different times, like walkie-talkies or certain radio systems.
  • Full-duplex communication is the most efficient and commonly used mode in modern communication systems, where simultaneous data transmission and reception are required, such as in telephone networks, cell phones, and the Internet.

The choice between these modes depends on the application, available resources, and communication needs.

52 thoughts on “Communication modes in Computer Networks”

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    ะžะฑะทะพั€ ั„ัƒะฝะบั†ะธะน ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธั‚ะต ะฒัะต ะพั‚ะฒะตั‚ั‹.
    ะ ะตะบะพะผะตะฝะดะฐั†ะธะธ ะฟะพ ะฒั‹ะฑะพั€ัƒ ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ั‡ะธั‚ะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะšะฐะบ ะฒั‹ะฑั€ะฐั‚ัŒ ะธะดะตะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ัƒะทะฝะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะกะพะฒะตั‚ั‹ ะฟะพ ะฟะพะบัƒะฟะบะต ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ั ะฝะฐัˆะธะผะธ ั€ะตะบะพะผะตะฝะดะฐั†ะธัะผะธ.
    ะžะฑะทะพั€ ะฐะบั‚ัƒะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ะฒ ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะทะต.
    ะขะตั…ะฝะธั‡ะตัะบะธะต ะฐัะฟะตะบั‚ั‹ ะ˜ะ‘ะŸ, ั€ะฐะทะฑะตั€ะธั‚ะตััŒ.
    ะกะพะฒะตั‚ั‹ ะฟะพ ะธัะฟะพะปัŒะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธัŽ ะ˜ะ‘ะŸ, ะฒ ะฝะฐัˆะตะผ ะฑะปะพะณะต.
    ะงั‚ะพ ะฝะพะฒะพะณะพ ะฒ ะผะธั€ะต ะ˜ะ‘ะŸ, ัƒะทะฝะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะŸั€ะฐะฒะธะปะฐ ะฟะพะดะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฝะธั ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะฐ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ัƒะทะฝะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะ˜ะ‘ะŸ ะดะปั ะดะพะผะฐ ะธ ะพั„ะธัะฐ: ะฒั‹ะฑะพั€ ะธ ั€ะตะบะพะผะตะฝะดะฐั†ะธะธ, ะฒ ัั‚ะพะน ัั‚ะฐั‚ัŒะต.
    ะ˜ะฝัะฐะนะดะตั€ัะบะธะต ัะพะฒะตั‚ั‹ ะฟะพ ะฒั‹ะฑะพั€ัƒ ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ะฒ ัั‚ะฐั‚ัŒะต.
    ะ’ัะต ะพ ั€ะฐะทะปะธั‡ะฝั‹ั… ั‚ะธะฟะฐั… ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ะทะดะตััŒ.
    ะšะฐะบ ัƒัั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะธั‚ัŒ ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั?, ะฝะฐ ัะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะงั‚ะพ ะฒั‹ะฑั€ะฐั‚ัŒ: ะ˜ะ‘ะŸ ะธะปะธ ะฐะปัŒั‚ะตั€ะฝะฐั‚ะธะฒัƒ?, ะฒ ะฝะฐัˆะตะผ ะฑะปะพะณะต.
    ะ ะตะผะพะฝั‚ ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั: ะพัะฝะพะฒะฝั‹ะต ัะพะฒะตั‚ั‹, ั‡ะธั‚ะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะกั€ะฐะฒะฝะตะฝะธะต ะผะพะดะตะปะตะน ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ะฒ ะฝะฐัˆะตะผ ะพะฑะทะพั€ะต.
    ะงั‚ะพ ัƒั‡ะตัั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะธ ะฒั‹ะฑะพั€ะต ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะฐ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ะฒ ะณะธะดะต.
    ะบัƒะฟะธั‚ัŒ ะ˜ะฑะŸ http://www.istochniki-bespereboynogo-pitaniya.ru .

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  10. ะ˜ั‰ะตั‚ะต ะฝะฐะดะตะถะฝัƒัŽ ะฟะพะผะพั‰ัŒ ะฒ ัƒะฑะพั€ะบะต ะบะฒะฐั€ั‚ะธั€ั‹ ะฒ ะกะฐะฝะบั‚-ะŸะตั‚ะตั€ะฑัƒั€ะณะต? ะะฐัˆะฐ ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะฐ ัะฟะตั†ะธะฐะปะธัั‚ะพะฒ ะดะฐะตั‚ ะณะฐั€ะฐะฝั‚ะธัŽ ั‡ะธัั‚ะพั‚ัƒ ะธ ะฟะพั€ัะดะพะบ ะฒ ะฒะฐัˆะตะผ ะดะพะผะต! ะœั‹ ะฟั€ะธะผะตะฝัะตะผ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝั‹ะต ะธ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ัั€ะตะดัั‚ะฒะฐ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะฒั‹ ะผะพะณะปะธ ะฒะบัƒัˆะฐั‚ัŒ ัะฒะตะถะตัั‚ัŒัŽ ะฑะตะท ั…ะปะพะฟะพั‚. ะ—ะฐั…ะพะดะธั‚ะต https://klining-uslugi24.ru/ ะะต ะฟั€ะพะทะตะฒะฐะนั‚ะต ัƒะฝะธะบะฐะปัŒะฝัƒัŽ ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ัะดะตะปะฐั‚ัŒ ัะฒะพัŽ ะถะธะทะฝัŒ ะฟั€ะพั‰ะต ะธ ัƒะดะพะฑะฝะตะต.

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  11. ะฃะฑะพั€ะบะฐ ะฒ ะกะฐะฝะบั‚-ะŸะตั‚ะตั€ะฑัƒั€ะณะต! ะŸะตั€ะตัั‚ะฐะฝัŒั‚ะต ะฟะฐะฝะธะบะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ, ะฟะตั€ะตะดะฐะนั‚ะต ะทะฐะฑะพั‚ั‹ ะฒ ั€ัƒะบะธ ัะฟะตั†ะธะฐะปะธัั‚ะพะฒ! ะกะดะตะปะฐะนั‚ะต ัˆะฐะณ ะบ ั‡ะธัั‚ะพั‚ะต ัƒะถะต ัะตะณะพะดะฝั ะšะปะธะบะฐะนั‚ะต https://service-cleanspb.ru/

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  12. ะฃัŽั‚ะฝะฐั ะพะฑะธะฒะบะฐ ัƒั‚ั€ะฐั‚ะธะปะฐ ะฑั‹ะปะน ะปะพัะบ? ะฅะธะผั‡ะธัั‚ะบะฐ ะผะตะฑะตะปะธ ะฝะฐ ะดะพะผัƒ ะฒ ะกะŸะฑ! ะŸะพะดะฐั€ะธะผ ะฒั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะถะธะทะฝัŒ ะดะธะฒะฐะฝะฐะผ, ะบั€ะตัะปะฐะผ ะธ ะบะพะฒั€ะฐะผ ะธั… ะธัั‚ะธะฝะฝัƒัŽ ะบั€ะฐัะพั‚ัƒ. ะŸั€ะพั„ะตััะธะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ัั€ะตะดัั‚ะฒะฐ ะธ ะพะฟั‹ั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะผะฐัั‚ะตั€ะฐ. ะกะบะธะดะบะธ ะฟะตั€ะฒั‹ะผ ะบะปะธะตะฝั‚ะฐะผ! ะฃะทะฝะฐะนั‚ะต ะฟะพะดั€ะพะฑะฝะพัั‚ะธ! ะ’ั‹ะฑะธั€ะฐะนั‚ะต ะฅะธะผั‡ะธัั‚ะบะฐ ะดะธะฒะฐะฝะพะฒ

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  13. ะ“ะดะต ะบัƒะฟะธั‚ัŒ ะดะธะฟะปะพะผ ัะฟะตั†ะธะฐะปะธัั‚ะฐ?
    ะœั‹ ะผะพะถะตะผ ะฟั€ะตะดะปะพะถะธั‚ัŒ ะดะธะฟะปะพะผั‹ ะปัŽะฑั‹ั… ะฟั€ะพั„ะตััะธะน ะฟะพ ะฟั€ะธัั‚ะฝั‹ะผ ั‚ะฐั€ะธั„ะฐะผ. ะ’ะฐะถะฝะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะดะธะฟะปะพะผั‹ ะฑั‹ะปะธ ะดะพัั‚ัƒะฟะฝั‹ะผะธ ะดะปั ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะพะณะพ ะบะพะปะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ ะณั€ะฐะถะดะฐะฝ. ะ—ะฐะบะฐะทะฐั‚ัŒ ะดะธะฟะปะพะผ ะพะฑ ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะธ diplomus-spb.ru/kupit-diplom-s-reestrom-tsena-10/

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  14. ะŸั€ะพั„ะตััะธะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะน SEO ัะฟะตั†ะธะฐะปะธัั‚.
    ะŸะพะธัะบะพะฒะพะต ะฟั€ะพะดะฒะธะถะตะฝะธะต ัะฐะนั‚ะฐ ั‡ะฐัั‚ะฝะธะบ https://onyx-style.ru/seo/ .

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  15. ะ›ัƒั‡ัˆะธะต ะบัƒะปะธะฝะฐั€ะฝั‹ะต ั€ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ั‹ ะดะปั ะฟั€ะฐะทะดะฝะธั‡ะฝะพะณะพ ัั‚ะพะปะฐ, ะดะพัั‚ะพะนะฝั‹ะต ะฒะฐัˆะตะณะพ ะฒะฝะธะผะฐะฝะธั.
    ะ’ะบัƒัะฝั‹ะต ะทะฐะฒั‚ั€ะฐะบะธ ะดะปั ัะฝะตั€ะณะธั‡ะฝะพะณะพ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะดะฝั, ัะดะตะปะฐัŽั‚ ะฒะฐัˆะต ัƒั‚ั€ะพ ัั€ั‡ะต.
    ะ”ะพะผะฐัˆะฝะธะต ัะปะฐะดะพัั‚ะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฒัะตะณะดะฐ ัƒะดะธะฒะปััŽั‚ ะณะพัั‚ะตะน, ะฟั€ะพะฒะตั€ะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะตะผ ะธ ะฒะดะพั…ะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ั‚ั€ะฐะดะธั†ะธะพะฝะฝั‹ะผะธ ั€ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ะฐะผะธ.
    ะญะบะทะพั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะต ะฑะปัŽะดะฐ ะธะท ั€ะฐะทะฝั‹ั… ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ ะผะธั€ะฐ, ัะดะตะปะฐัŽั‚ ะฒะฐัˆ ัั‚ะพะป ะฝะตะทะฐะฑั‹ะฒะฐะตะผั‹ะผ.
    ะ˜ะดะตะธ ะดะปั ะฒะตั‡ะตั€ะฝะตะณะพ ัƒะถะธะฝะฐ: ะฟั€ะพัั‚ั‹ะต ะธ ะฒะบัƒัะฝั‹ะต ั€ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ั‹, ัะดะตะปะฐัŽั‚ ะฒะฐัˆัƒ ะถะธะทะฝัŒ ะฝะตะผะฝะพะณะพ ะฟั€ะพั‰ะต.
    ะ—ะดะพั€ะพะฒั‹ะต ั€ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ั‹ ะดะปั ะฐะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะพะณะพ ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะฐ ะถะธะทะฝะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฟะพะผะพะณัƒั‚ ะฒะฐะผ ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ัะตะฑั ะฝะฐัั‚ะพัั‰ะธะผะธ ััƒะฟะตั€ะณะตั€ะพัะผะธ.
    ะ˜ะดะตะธ ะดะปั ะฟะธะบะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะธ ัˆะฐัˆะปั‹ะบะพะฒ: ะปัƒั‡ัˆะธะต ั€ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ั‹ ะฝะฐ ะณั€ะธะปะต, ะดะฐะดัƒั‚ ะทะฐั€ัะด ะฟะพะปะพะถะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ัะผะพั†ะธะน ะธ ะฒะบัƒัะพะฒั‹ั… ะพั‰ัƒั‰ะตะฝะธะน.
    ะ˜ะดะตะธ ะดะปั ะบะพะบั‚ะตะนะปะตะน ะธ ะฑะตะทะฐะปะบะพะณะพะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ะฝะฐะฟะธั‚ะบะพะฒ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฟะพั€ะฐะดัƒัŽั‚ ะณะพัั‚ะตะน ะธ ะฟะพะดะฝะธะผัƒั‚ ะฝะฐัั‚ั€ะพะตะฝะธะต.
    ะกะตะบั€ะตั‚ั‹ ะบัƒะปะธะฝะฐั€ะฝะพะณะพ ะผะฐัั‚ะตั€ัั‚ะฒะฐ: ะปัƒั‡ัˆะธะต ัะพะฒะตั‚ั‹ ะฟะพะฒะฐั€ะพะฒ, ัะดะตะปะฐัŽั‚ ะฒะฐัˆัƒ ะบัƒะปะธะฝะฐั€ะฝัƒัŽ ะฟั€ะฐะบั‚ะธะบัƒ ะฑะพะปะตะต ัƒัะฟะตัˆะฝะพะน.
    ะ’ะตะณะตั‚ะฐั€ะธะฐะฝัะบะธะต ั€ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ั‹ ะดะปั ะทะดะพั€ะพะฒะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั, ัะพัั‚ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะธะท ัะฒะตะถะธั… ั„ั€ัƒะบั‚ะพะฒ ะธ ะพะฒะพั‰ะตะน.
    ะŸั€ะฐะทะดะฝะธั‡ะฝั‹ะต ะบัƒะปะธะฝะฐั€ะฝั‹ะต ัƒะณะพั‰ะตะฝะธั ะดะปั ะดะตั‚ะตะน, ัะดะตะปะฐัŽั‚ ะดะตั‚ัะบะธะน ะฟั€ะฐะทะดะฝะธะบ ัั€ะบะธะผ ะธ ะฒะตัะตะปั‹ะผ.
    ะ‘ะปัŽะดะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ัั‚ะพะธั‚ ะณะพั‚ะพะฒะธั‚ัŒ ะฒ ั€ะฐะทะฝะพะต ะฒั€ะตะผั ะณะพะดะฐ, ัะดะตะปะฐัŽั‚ ะฒะฐัˆะต ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธะต ั€ะฐะทะฝะพะพะฑั€ะฐะทะฝั‹ะผ ะธ ะฟะพะปะตะทะฝั‹ะผ.
    ะ ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ั‹ ะฑั‹ัั‚ั€ั‹ั… ะทะฐะบัƒัะพะบ ะดะปั ะฒัั‚ั€ะตั‡ะธ ะณะพัั‚ะตะน, ัะดะตะปะฐัŽั‚ ะฒะฐัˆัƒ ะฒะตั‡ะตั€ะธะฝะบัƒ ะฝะตะทะฐะฑั‹ะฒะฐะตะผะพะน ะธ ัั‚ะธะปัŒะฝะพะน.
    ะ›ะตะณะบะธะต ะธ ะฒะบัƒัะฝั‹ะต ั€ะตั†ะตะฟั‚ั‹ ะพะฑะตะดะพะฒ, ะฟะพะดะฐะดัƒั‚ ะปะตะณะบะพัั‚ัŒ ะธ ะฒะดะพั…ะฝะพะฒะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั†ะตะปั‹ะน ะดะตะฝัŒ.
    ะ˜ะดะตะธ ะดะปั ะฟั€ะธะณะพั‚ะพะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะดะตัะตั€ั‚ะพะฒ ะฝะฐ ะปัŽะฑะพะน ะฒะบัƒั, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ัƒะบั€ะฐััั‚ ะฒะฐัˆ ะดะพะผ ะธ ะดัƒัˆัƒ.
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  17. ะกะฐะผั‹ะต ะฟะพะฟัƒะปัั€ะฝั‹ะต ัะบะธะฝั‹ ะฒ ะฟั€ะพะดะฐะถะต, ะฒั‹ ัะผะพะถะตั‚ะต ะฝะฐะนั‚ะธ.
    ัะบะธะดะบะธ, ะฝะต ะพัั‚ะฐะฒัั‚ ั€ะฐะฒะฝะพะดัƒัˆะฝั‹ะผะธ.
    ะบะฐั‚ะฐะปะพะณ, ะฟั€ะตะดะปะฐะณะฐัŽั‚ัั.
    ะฝะพะฒะธะฝะบะธ ะฒ ะผะธั€ะต ัะบะธะฝะพะฒ.
    ะบะฐั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ัะบะธะฝั‹.
    ะบะพะผัŒัŽะฝะธั‚ะธ.
    ะžั‚ะบั€ั‹ะฒะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะบะฐั‚ะฐะปะพะณ.
    ะŸะพะปัƒั‡ะธั‚ะต.
    ัะบะธะฝั‹ ะฟะพ ััƒะฟะตั€ั†ะตะฝะฐะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพ.
    ั€ะฐะทะฝั‹ะต ัั‚ะธะปะธ ัะบะธะฝะพะฒ, ะฝะฐ ะปัŽะฑะพะน ะฒะบัƒั.
    ะดะปั ะฒั‹ะณะพะดะฝั‹ั… ัะดะตะปะพะบ.
    ะะฐ ะฝะฐัˆะตะผ ัะฐะนั‚ะต.
    ะ˜ะทัƒั‡ะธั‚ะต, ะบะฐะบ, ะธ ะฝะต ัƒะฟัƒัั‚ะธั‚ะต ัˆะฐะฝั.
    ะฝะพะฒั‹ะต ะฟะพัั‚ัƒะฟะปะตะฝะธั, ัƒะดะพะฒะปะตั‚ะฒะพั€ัั‚ ะฒะฐัˆะธ ะฟะพั‚ั€ะตะฑะฝะพัั‚ะธ.
    ะ—ะฐะฟะพะปะฝะธั‚ะต ัะฒะพัŽ ะบะพะปะปะตะบั†ะธัŽ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ัะดะตะปะฐะตั‚ ะฒะฐั ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝั‹ะผ.
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  18. ะšะฐะบ ะพั„ะพั€ะผะธั‚ัŒ ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะฒะฐะถะฝั‹ะน ะฟั€ะพั†ะตัั, ะพะฑัะทะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ ะฝัƒะถะฝะพ ะทะฝะฐั‚ัŒ.

    ะ ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ะทะฐ ะณั€ะฐะฝะธั†ะตะน: ะพัะฝะพะฒะฝั‹ะต ะผะพะผะตะฝั‚ั‹, ะฟะพัˆะฐะณะพะฒั‹ะต ัะพะฒะตั‚ั‹.

    ะ ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ: ะพัะฝะพะฒะฝั‹ะต ั‚ั€ะตะฑะพะฒะฐะฝะธั, ะธะทัƒั‡ะฐะตะผ.

    ะงั‚ะพ ะดะตะปะฐั‚ัŒ, ะตัะปะธ ะธัั‚ะตะบะฐะตั‚ ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะฟะพ ัั€ะพะบะฐะผ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธั.

    ะ ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐ ะดะปั ัั‚ัƒะดะตะฝั‚ะพะฒ: ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ัƒัะปะพะฒะธั ะดะปั ั‚ั€ัƒะดะพัƒัั‚ั€ะพะนัั‚ะฒะฐ.

    ะšะฐะบ ะธะทะฑะตะถะฐั‚ัŒ ะพัˆะธะฑะพะบ ะฟั€ะธ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะตะฝะธะธ ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะฟะพะปะตะทะฝะฐั ะธะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธั.

    ะšะฐะบ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธั‚ัŒ ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ะทะฐ ะณั€ะฐะฝะธั†ะตะน: ะผะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝั‹ะน ะพะฟั‹ั‚, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ะธ.

    ะ”ะพะบัƒะผะตะฝั‚ั‹ ะดะปั ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะตะฝะธั ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะพะฑัะทะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะดะพะบัƒะผะตะฝั‚ั‹.

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    ะšะฐะบ ะฟั€ะพะฒะตั€ะธั‚ัŒ ัั‚ะฐั‚ัƒั ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ัะพะฒะตั‚ั‹ ะฟะพ ะฟั€ะพะฒะตั€ะบะต.

    ะšะฐะบ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธั‚ัŒ ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ั€ะพะดะธั‚ะตะปัะผ-ะพะดะธะฝะพั‡ะบะฐะผ, ั€ะตะบะพะผะตะฝะดะฐั†ะธะธ.

    ะกะพะฒะตั‚ั‹ ะฟะพ ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะฒัŒัŽ ะดะปั ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะฟะพะปะตะทะฝั‹ะต ัะพะฒะตั‚ั‹.

    ะะฐะปะพะณะพะพะฑะปะพะถะตะฝะธะต ะดะปั ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ั ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะตะผ, ะธะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธั.

    ะ ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ะดะปั ะปัŽะดะตะน ั ะธะฝะฒะฐะปะธะดะฝะพัั‚ัŒัŽ, ั€ะตะบะพะผะตะฝะดะฐั†ะธะธ.

    ะžะฟะปะฐั‚ะฐ ัƒัะปัƒะณ ะฟะพ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะตะฝะธัŽ ั€ะฐะทั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะฒะฐะถะฝะฐั ะธะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธั.

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  19. ะ˜ะดะตะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะธัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบะธ ะฑะตัะฟะตั€ะตะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธั ะดะปั ะดะพะผะฐ, ัƒะทะฝะฐะนั‚ะต.
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  20. ะžั‚ะปะธั‡ะฝั‹ะน ัะปะตะผะตะฝั‚ ะดะตะบะพั€ะฐ โ€” ะณะตะปะธะตะฒั‹ะต ัˆะฐั€ั‹ ั ะดะพัั‚ะฐะฒะบะพะน, ะธ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธั‚ะต ัะบะธะดะบัƒ.
    ะ’ะพะทะดัƒัˆะฝั‹ะต ัˆะฐั€ะธะบะธ ะะธะถะฝะธะน ะะพะฒะณะพั€ะพะด shariki-shop47.ru .

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